Beryllium (Be)

Element Beryllium – Be

Beryllium Symbol

Overview of Beryllium

·     Atomic Number:4 ,   Group: 2,  Period: 2, Series: Alkali Earth Metals

·                            Spanish: Berílio

·                            Swedish: Beryllium

Atomic Structure of Beryllium

·                            Atomic Radius: 1.4Å

·                            Atomic Volume: 5cm³/mol

·                            Covalent Radius: 0.9Å

·                            Cross Section (Thermal Neutron Capture)σ_a/barns: 0.0092

·                            

·                            Electron Configuration:

1s² 2s²

·                            Electrons per Energy Level: 2,2

·                            Ionic Radius: 0.35Å

·                            Filling Orbital: 2s²

·                            Number of Electrons (with no charge): 4

·                            Number of Neutrons (most common/stable nuclide): 5

·                            Number of Protons: 4

·                            Oxidation States: 2

·                            Valence Electrons: 2s²

Electron Dot Model

Chemical Properties of Beryllium

·                            Electrochemical Equivalent: 0.16812g/amp-hr

·                            Electron Work Function: 4.98eV

·                            Electronegativity: 1.57 (Pauling); 1.47 (Allrod Rochow)

·                            Heat of Fusion: 12.2kJ/mol

·                            Incompatibilities:

acids and strong bases, carbon tetrachloride, phos- phorous 3-chlorolithium, caustics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, molten lithium.

·                            Ionization Potential

o                                              First: 9.322

o                                              Second: 18.211

o                                              Third: 153.893

·                            Valence Electron Potential (-eV): 82

Physical Properties of Beryllium

·                            Atomic Mass Average: 9.012182

·                            Boiling Point: 3243K 2970°C 5378°F

·                            Coefficient of lineal thermal expansion/K^-1: 0.0000116E^-6

·                            Conductivity

Electrical: 0.313 10⁶/cm Ω
Thermal: 2.01 W/cmK

·                            Density: 1.848g/cc @ 300K

·                            Description:

Strong, hard, gray-white metal. Lightest rigid metal. Formerly called glucinium (Gl).

·                            Elastic Modulus:

o                                              Bulk: 110/GPa

o                                              Rigidity: 156/GPa

o                                              Youngs: 318/GPa

·                            Enthalpy of Atomization: 326.4 kJ/mole @ 25°C

·                            Enthalpy of Fusion: 11.72 kJ/mole

·                            Enthalpy of Vaporization: 294.7 kJ/mole

·                            Flammablity Class: Non-combustible solid (except as dust)

·                            Freezing Point: see melting point

·                            Hardness Scale

o                                              Brinell: 600 MN m^-2

o                                              Mohs: 5.5

o                                              Vickers: 1670 MN m^-2

·                            Heat of Vaporization: 292.4kJ/mol

·                            Melting Point: 1551K 1278°C 2332°F

·                            Molar Volume: 4.88 cm³/mole

·                            Physical State (at 20°C & 1atm): Solid

·                            Specific Heat: 1.82J/gK

·                            Vapor Pressure 4.18kPa

Regulatory / Health

·                            CAS Number

o                                              7440-41-7 metal

·                            UN/NA ID and ERG Guide Number

o                                              UN1567  / 134 powder

·                            RTECS: DS1750000

·                            NFPA 704

o                                              Health: 4

o                                              Fire: 1

o                                              Reactivity: 1

o                                              Special Hazard:

·                            OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

o                                              TWA: 0.002 mg/m³

o                                              Ceiling: 0.005 mg/m³

o                                              Notes: Ceiling 0.025 mg/m³ 30-min max peak

·                            OSHA PEL Vacated 1989

o                                              TWA: 0.002 mg/m³

o                                              Ceiling: 0.005 mg/m³

o                                              Notes: Ceiling 0.025 mg/m3 30-min max peak

·                            NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)

o                                               

o                                              Notes: Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/m³

o                                              IDLH: 4 mg/m³ (Potential NIOSH carcinogen)

·                            Routes of Exposure: Inhalation; Skin and/or eye contact

·                            Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system

·                            Levels In Humans:
Note: this data represents naturally occuring levels of elements in the typical human, it DOES NOT represent recommended daily allowances.

o                                              Blood/mg dm^-3: <1E^-5

o                                              Bone/p.p.m: 0.003

o                                              Liver/p.p.m: 0.0016

o                                              Muscle/p.p.m: 0.00075

o                                              Daily Dietary Intake: 0.01 mg

o                                              Total Mass In Avg. 70kg human: 0.036 mg

Who / Where / When / How

·                            Discoverer: Nicholas Louis Vauquelin

·                            Discovery Location: Paris France

·                            Discovery Year: 1797

·                            Name Origin:

From the mineral beryl.

·                            Abundance of Beryllium:

o                                              Earth's Crust/p.p.m.: 2.6

o                                              Seawater/p.p.m.:

§                                                                  Atlantic Suface: 8.8E-08

§                                                                  Atlantic Deep: 1.75E-07

§                                                                  Pacific Surface: 3.5E-08

§                                                                  Pacific Deep: 2.2E-07

o                                              Atmosphere/p.p.m.: N/A

o                                              Sun (Relative to H=1E¹²): 14

·                            Sources of Beryllium:

Found mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe₃(Si₆O₁₈)] and chrysoberyl (Al₂BeO₄). Total world production per year is around 364 tons. Main mining areas are Brazil,USA, Madagascar, Germany, Czech Republic, Russia and India. Total world reserves estimated to be around 400,000 tons.

·                            Uses of Beryllium:

Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color. Also used in light weight metal alloys, X-ray tube windows, watch springs and sparkless tools.